Saddam Sekh used to be a floor supervisor at a steamy workshop in Mumbai that produced orders for an exporter working with some of the biggest names in luxury fashion, including Dior and Gucci. Day and night, he would watch as the karigars stitched designer gowns destined for the Hollywood red carpet, or ornate samples for runway shows in Milan and Paris.
But when the coronavirus pandemic took hold, their work slammed to a halt, the backbone of the Indian garment supply chain quickly crumbling as millions of migrant labourers scattered across the country. More than a year later, many of those employed by the Indian fashion industry are struggling to adjust to a harsh new reality.
“The factory is currently shut because there is no work — it’s a big zero now,” Sekh said, adding that some of the artisans were working instead as day labourers for Rs 200 to Rs 300 per day. One ended up in a biscuit factory, another in plastics and another in farming. Some were calling from their villages, pleading for loans, but the managers and supervisors themselves are in dire financial straits. For now, the factory gates remain locked.
Mumbai, where labour is cheap and the quality of intricate handiwork high, has long been a linchpin in the global luxury supply chain. But in the pandemic, orders vanished overnight. Although some of Mumbai’s workshops have reopened, the volume of requests from high-end fashion brands is far from what it was. Prospects for many karigars remain bleak.
“For months, all production and commerce flatlined across the spectrum of the Indian fashion sector, including at couture-level ateliers,” said Sunil Sethi, chairman of the Fashion Design Council of India. “It was a total catastrophe for our industry.
With many Western markets still in lockdown, events such as big weddings, black-tie parties and fashion shows have dropped off the calendars of wealthy clients, many of whom are not in the mood to spend on pricey fashion and accessories.
“Red-carpet dresses and cocktail outfit orders have largely disappeared, which has meant that financial pressure on specialist workshops has continued here,” said Max Modesti, founder of Les Ateliers 2M, a Mumbai embroidery firm that works with Chanel and Hermès.
Those two luxury houses and Louis Vuitton were the only three that increased their Mumbai orders in the last year, Modesti said. Orders from other Western fashion houses were either reduced by around 50% to 70% or cancelled, he said.
“In more than 35 years of business, and several recessions, I have never seen anything like it,” Modesti said.
For years, part of the problem in Mumbai was that high demand for specialised handiwork led suppliers, which struggled to keep up, to sometimes sideline labour standards and recruit unregulated subcontractors. Some Western luxury groups, including LVMH and Kering, had begun to address those challenges before the pandemic with a safety compliance agreement known as the Utthan pact. But it was falling short on upholding basic labour rights like fair wages even before the lockdown occurred.
Now, many karigars don’t have jobs at all. (An estimated 140 million people have lost their jobs since March last year, the Mumbai-based Center for Monitoring Indian Economy said.) With little work and no place to live or guarantee of a regular salary, many karigars have remained in their home villages rather than return to the city.
According to Modesti, the costs of virus-related safety measures for many of the export houses and suppliers that had tried to reopen last year heightened risks of bankruptcy. The situation was potentially even worse for the Utthan suppliers, many of which had spent heavily in recent years on compliance requirements like sleep dormitories for workers and posted fire exits.
“Before, there was growing talk about bettering worker rights,” Modesti said. “Now, for many, it is going to be more about survival.” He said he did not expect things to improve until 2022 and that “many of these businesses and their employees will not be able to hold out for that long.”
(Kritika Sony contributed to reporting)
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